Rare genuine BYZANTINE Gold coin Andronicus II & Michael IX, Christ 1282 AD Mary

Description

One original ancient Byzantine Gold coin:
Andronicus II and Michael IX, 1282-1320 AD. AV hyperpyron Constantinople
AV hyperpyron
measuring 22-24mm. 3.24gm.
Original tone. Lightly cleaned. Exactly as pictured.
Obv./
Mary, bust facing, both hands raised, within walls of Constantinople
.
Rev.
/
/ AVTOKPATOP, Andronicus, on left, and Michael, on right, kneeling on to left and right of Christ, who crowns both emperors; Sear 2326 var (reverse type).
Authenticity guaranteed. COA included !!!
Coin is in good condition and very rare and nice inclusion to the finest collection!!
Andronikos II Palaiologos
(
25 March
1259
,
Nicaea
–
February 13
,
1332
,
Constantinople
) — also
Andronicus II Palaeologus
— reigned as
Byzantine emperor
from 1282 to 1328. He was the eldest surviving son of
Michael VIII Palaiologos
and
Theodora Doukaina Vatatzina
, grandniece of
John III Doukas Vatatzes
. //
Andronikos II Palaiologos was acclaimed co-emperor in 1261, after his father Michael VIII recovered
Constantinople
from the
Latin Empire
, but he was crowned only in 1272. Sole emperor from 1282, Andronikos II immediately repudiated his father's unpopular Church union with the
Papacy
(which he had been forced to support while his father was still alive), but was unable to resolve the related schism within the Orthodox clergy until 1310. Andronikos II was also plagued by economic difficulties and during his reign the value of the Byzantine
hyperpyron
depreciated precipitously while the state treasury accumulated less than one seventh the revenue (in nominal coins) that it had done previously. Seeking to increase revenue and reduce expenses, Andronikos II raised taxes and reduced tax exemptions, and dismantled the Byzantine fleet (80 ships) in 1285, thereby making the Empire increasingly dependent on the rival republics of
Venice
and
Genoa
. In 1291, he hired 50-60 Genoese ships. Later, in 1320, he tried to resurrect the navy by constructing 20 galleys, but unfortunately he failed.
Andronikos II Palaiologos sought to resolve some of the problems facing the
Byzantine Empire
through diplomacy. After the death of his first wife, he married
Yolanda (renamed Eirene) of Montferrat
, putting an end to the Montferrat claim to the
Kingdom of Thessalonica
. Andronikos II also attempted to marry off his son and co-emperor
Michael IX Palaiologos
to the Latin Empress
Catherine I of Courtenay
, thus seeking to eliminate Western agitation for a restoration of the
Latin Empire
. Another marriage alliance attempted to resolve the potential conflict with
Serbia
in
Macedonia
, as Andronikos II married off his five-year old daughter
Simonis
to King
Stefan Milutin
in 1298.
In spite of the resolution of problems in
Europe
, Andronikos II was faced with the collapse of the Byzantine frontier in
Asia Minor
. After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1300, the Byzantine government hired the
Catalan Company
of
Almogavars
(adventurers from
Aragon
and
Catalonia
) led by
Roger de Flor
to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy. In spite of some successes, the Catalans were unable to secure lasting gains. They quarreled with Michael IX, and eventually turned on their Byzantine employers after the murder of Roger de Flor in 1305, devastating
Thrace
, Macedonia, and
Thessaly
on their road to Latin Greece. There they conquered the
Duchy of Athens
and
Thebes
. The Turks continued to penetrate the Byzantine possessions, and
Prusa
fell in 1326. By the end of Andronikos II's reign, much of Bithynia was in the hands of the
Ottoman Turks
of Osman I and his son and heir
Orhan
. Also,
Karesi
conquered
Mysia
region with
Paleokastron
after 1296, Germiyan conquered
Simav
in 1328, Saruhan captured
Magnesia
in 1313 and
Aydınoğlu
captured
Symirna
in 1310.
The Empire's problems were exploited by
Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
, who defeated Michael IX and conquered much of northeastern Thrace in c. 1305-1307. The conflict ended with yet another dynastic marriage, between Michael IX's daughter Theodora and the Bulgarian emperor. The dissolute behavior of Michael IX's son
Andronikos III Palaiologos
led to a rift in the family, and after Michael IX's death in 1320, Andronikos II disowned his grandson, prompting a
civil war
that raged, with interruptions, until 1328. The conflict precipitated Bulgarian involvement, and
Michael Asen III of Bulgaria
attempted to capture Andronikos II under the guise of sending him military support. In 1328 Andronikos III entered Constantinople in triumph and Andronikos II was forced to abdicate. He died as a monk in 1332.
Michael IX Palaiologos
or
Palaeologus
(
Greek
:
Μιχαήλ Θ΄ Παλαιολόγος
,
Mikhaēl IX Palaiologos
), (April 17, 1277 – October 12, 1320,
Thessalonica
,
Greece
), reigned as Byzantine co-emperor with full imperial style 1294/1295–1320. Michael IX was the eldest son of
Andronikos II Palaiologos
and
Anna of Hungary
, a daughter of King
Stephen V of Hungary
.
Life
Michael IX Palaiologos was acclaimed co-emperor in 1281 and was crowned in 1294 or 1295. In 1300, he was sent at the head of Alanian mercenaries against the Turks in
Asia Minor
, and in 1304–1305 he was charged with dealing with the rebellious
Catalan Company
. After the murder of the Catalan commander
Roger de Flor
, Michael IX led the Byzantine troops (augmented by Turks and 5–8,000 Alanians) against the Catalans, but was defeated and wounded.
Michael IX was also ultimately unsuccessful against
Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
in 1307, concluding peace in 1307 and marrying his daughter to the Bulgarian emperor. In 1311, Michael IX was defeated by Osman I. Michael IX eventually retired to
Thessalonica
, where he died in 1320.
A brave and energetic soldier willing to make personal sacrifices to pay or encourage his troops, Michael IX was generally unable to overcome his enemies and is the only Palaiologan emperor to predecease his father. Michael IX's premature death at age 43 was attributed in part to grief over the accidental murder of his younger son Manuel Palaiologos by retainers of his older son and co-emperor
Andronikos III Palaiologos
.
Family
Michael IX Palaiologos married
Rita of Armenia
(renamed Maria, later nun Xene), daughter of King
Leo III of Armenia
and
Queen Keran of Armenia
on 16 January 1294. By this marriage, Michael IX had several children, including:
Andronikos III Palaiologos
Manuel Palaiologos,
despotēs
Anna Palaiologina, who married
Thomas I Komnenos Doukas
and then
Nicholas Orsini
.
Theodora Palaiologina, who married
Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
and then
Michael Asen III of Bulgaria
.
Andronikos II Palaiologos
(
Greek
:
Ανδρόνικος Β' Παλαιολόγος
) (
25 March
1259
,
Nicaea
–
February 13
,
1332
,
Constantinople
) — also
Andronicus II Palaeologus
— reigned as
Byzantine emperor
from 1282 to 1328. He was the eldest surviving son of
Michael VIII Palaiologos
and
Theodora Doukaina Vatatzina
, grandniece of
John III Doukas Vatatzes
. //
Andronikos II Palaiologos was acclaimed co-emperor in 1261, after his father Michael VIII recovered
Constantinople
from the
Latin Empire
, but he was crowned only in 1272. Sole emperor from 1282, Andronikos II immediately repudiated his father's unpopular Church union with the
Papacy
(which he had been forced to support while his father was still alive), but was unable to resolve the related schism within the Orthodox clergy until 1310. Andronikos II was also plagued by economic difficulties and during his reign the value of the Byzantine
hyperpyron
depreciated precipitously while the state treasury accumulated less than one seventh the revenue (in nominal coins) that it had done previously. Seeking to increase revenue and reduce expenses, Andronikos II raised taxes and reduced tax exemptions, and dismantled the Byzantine fleet (80 ships) in 1285, thereby making the Empire increasingly dependent on the rival republics of
Venice
and
Genoa
. In 1291, he hired 50-60 Genoese ships. Later, in 1320, he tried to resurrect the navy by constructing 20 galleys, but unfortunately he failed.
Andronikos II Palaiologos sought to resolve some of the problems facing the
Byzantine Empire
through diplomacy. After the death of his first wife, he married
Yolanda (renamed Eirene) of Montferrat
, putting an end to the Montferrat claim to the
Kingdom of Thessalonica
. Andronikos II also attempted to marry off his son and co-emperor
Michael IX Palaiologos
to the Latin Empress
Catherine I of Courtenay
, thus seeking to eliminate Western agitation for a restoration of the
Latin Empire
. Another marriage alliance attempted to resolve the potential conflict with
Serbia
in
Macedonia
, as Andronikos II married off his five-year old daughter
Simonis
to King
Stefan Milutin
in 1298.
In spite of the resolution of problems in
Europe
, Andronikos II was faced with the collapse of the Byzantine frontier in
Asia Minor
. After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1300, the Byzantine government hired the
Catalan Company
of
Almogavars
(adventurers from
Aragon
and
Catalonia
) led by
Roger de Flor
to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy. In spite of some successes, the Catalans were unable to secure lasting gains. They quarreled with Michael IX, and eventually turned on their Byzantine employers after the murder of Roger de Flor in 1305, devastating
Thrace
, Macedonia, and
Thessaly
on their road to Latin Greece. There they conquered the
Duchy of Athens
and
Thebes
. The Turks continued to penetrate the Byzantine possessions, and
Prusa
fell in 1326. By the end of Andronikos II's reign, much of Bithynia was in the hands of the
Ottoman Turks
of Osman I and his son and heir
Orhan
. Also,
Karesi
conquered
Mysia
region with
Paleokastron
after 1296, Germiyan conquered
Simav
in 1328, Saruhan captured
Magnesia
in 1313 and
Aydınoğlu
captured
Symirna
in 1310.
The Empire's problems were exploited by
Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria
, who defeated Michael IX and conquered much of northeastern Thrace in c. 1305-1307. The conflict ended with yet another dynastic marriage, between Michael IX's daughter Theodora and the Bulgarian emperor. The dissolute behavior of Michael IX's son
Andronikos III Palaiologos
led to a rift in the family, and after Michael IX's death in 1320, Andronikos II disowned his grandson, prompting a
civil war
that raged, with interruptions, until 1328. The conflict precipitated Bulgarian involvement, and
Michael Asen III of Bulgaria
attempted to capture Andronikos II under the guise of sending him military support. In 1328 Andronikos III entered Constantinople in triumph and Andronikos II was forced to abdicate. He died as a monk in 1332.
Jesus
(7–2 BC to AD 30–33), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, is the central  figure of
Christianity
, whom the teachings of most
Christian denominations
hold to be the
Son of God
. Christians believe Jesus is the  awaited
Messiah
(or
Christ
, the Anointed One) of the
Old Testament
.
Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that
Jesus existed historically
, and historians  consider the
Synoptic Gospels
(
Matthew
,
Mark
and
Luke
) to be the best sources for
investigating the historical Jesus
. Most  scholars agree that Jesus was a
Galilean
,
Jewish
rabbi
who preached his message
orally
,
was baptized
by
John the Baptist
, and
was crucified
by the order of the
Roman Prefect
Pontius Pilate
. In the current mainstream view,  Jesus was an
apocalyptic
preacher and the founder of a  renewal movement within Judaism, although some prominent scholars argue that he  was not apocalyptic. After Jesus' death, his followers believed he was  resurrected, and the community they formed eventually became the Christian  church. The widely used
calendar era
, abbreviated as "
AD
"  from the Latin "Anno Domini" ("in the year of our Lord") or sometimes as "
CE
",  is based on the birth of Jesus.
Christians  believe that Jesus has a "unique significance" in the world. Christian doctrines  include the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the
Holy Spirit
, was
born of a virgin
named
Mary
, performed
miracles
, founded
the Church
, died by crucifixion as a sacrifice  to achieve
atonement
,
rose from the dead
, and
ascended
into
Heaven
, whence he
will return
. Most
Christians believe Jesus
enables humans to be
reconciled to God
, and will
judge the dead
either
before
or
after
their
bodily resurrection
, an event tied to the
Second Coming
of Jesus in
Christian eschatology
; though some believe  Jesus's role as savior has more
existential
or
societal
concerns than the afterlife, and a few  notable theologians have suggested that Jesus will bring about a
universal reconciliation
. The great majority of  Christians worship Jesus as the
incarnation
of
God the Son
, the second of three
persons
of a
Divine Trinity
. A few Christian groups
reject Trinitarianism
, wholly or partly, as  non-scriptural.
In Islam
, Jesus (commonly transliterated as
Isa
) is considered one of
God's
important
prophets
and the Messiah, second in importance  only to
Muhammad
. To
Muslims
, Jesus was a
bringer of scripture
and was born of a virgin,  but was not the Son of God. According to the
Quran
, Jesus
was not crucified
but was physically
raised into Heaven
by God.
Judaism rejects
the belief that Jesus was the  awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill the
Messianic prophecies
in the
Tanakh
.
The
Byzantine Empire
, or
Eastern Roman Empire
, was the predominantly Greek-speaking eastern half continuation and remainder of the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), originally founded as Byzantium. It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both "Byzantine Empire" and "Eastern Roman Empire" are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the
Roman Empire
(Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, tr.
Basileia Rhōmaiōn
; Latin:
Imperium Romanum
), or
Romania
(Ῥωμανία), and to themselves as "Romans".
Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire's east and west divided. In 285, the emperor Diocletian (r. 284-305) partitioned the Roman Empire's administration into eastern and western halves. Between 324 and 330, Constantine I (r. 306-337) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium, later known as
Constantinople
("City of Constantine") and
Nova Roma
("New Rome"). Under Theodosius I (r. 379-395), Christianity became the Empire's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed. And finally, under the reign of Heraclius (r. 610-641), the Empire's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin. Thus, although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism.
The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Justinian I (r. 527-565), the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, including north Africa, Italy, and Rome itself, which it held for two more centuries. During the reign of Maurice (r. 582-602), the Empire's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised. However, his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century. In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces, Egypt and Syria, to the Arabs.
During the Macedonian dynasty (10th-11th centuries), the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance, which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland.
The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline. It struggled to recover during the 12th century, but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade, when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261, Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Byzantine Empire.
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